Human Uploading Mind to the Computer Successfully

Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain

Listen uploading, also known as whole brain emulation (WBE), is the theoretical futuristic process of scanning a physical construction of the encephalon accurately enough to create an emulation of the mental state (including long-term retention and "self") and transferring or copying it to a computer in a digital form. The computer would then run a simulation of the brain's information processing, such that it would reply in essentially the same way equally the original brain and experience having a sentient conscious listen.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Substantial mainstream inquiry in related areas is being conducted in animal brain mapping and simulation, development of faster supercomputers, virtual reality, brain–reckoner interfaces, connectomics, and information extraction from dynamically functioning brains.^[4] According to supporters, many of the tools and ideas needed to attain mind uploading already be or are currently under active development; yet, they will admit that others are, as all the same, very speculative, simply say they are still in the realm of engineering science possibility.

Listen uploading may potentially exist achieved by either of two methods: copy-and-upload or copy-and-delete by gradual replacement of neurons (which can be considered as a gradual subversive uploading), until the original organic brain no longer exists and a computer program emulating the brain takes command over the body. In the example of the former method, heed uploading would exist achieved by scanning and mapping the salient features of a biological brain, and and so by storing and copying, that information state into a computer system or some other computational device. The biological brain may not survive the copying procedure or may be deliberately destroyed during it in some variants of uploading. The simulated heed could be within a virtual reality or imitation world, supported past an anatomic 3D body simulation model. Alternatively, the simulated heed could reside in a computer within (or either continued to or remotely controlled) a (not necessarily humanoid) robot or a biological or cybernetic torso.^[five]

Amongst some futurists and within the part of transhumanist move, listen uploading is treated as an of import proposed life extension technology. Some believe heed uploading is humanity's current best selection for preserving the identity of the species, as opposed to cryonics. Another aim of mind uploading is to provide a permanent backup to our "listen-file", to enable interstellar space travel, and a means for human civilisation to survive a global disaster by making a functional copy of a human being society in a computing device. Whole-encephalon emulation is discussed by some futurists equally a "logical endpoint"^[5] of the topical computational neuroscience and neuroinformatics fields, both about brain simulation for medical inquiry purposes. It is discussed in artificial intelligence research publications as an approach to strong AI (bogus full general intelligence) and to at least weak superintelligence. Another approach is seed AI, which wouldn't be based on existing brains. Computer-based intelligence such every bit an upload could think much faster than a biological human fifty-fifty if it were no more than intelligent. A large-scale social club of uploads might, according to futurists, give rise to a technological singularity, meaning a sudden time constant subtract in the exponential development of technology.^[six] Mind uploading is a central conceptual feature of numerous science fiction novels, films, and games.

Overview [edit]

The established neuroscientific consensus is that the homo listen is largely an emergent holding of the information processing of its neuronal network.^[7]

Neuroscientists have stated that important functions performed past the heed, such every bit learning, retention, and consciousness, are due to purely physical and electrochemical processes in the brain and are governed by applicable laws. For example, Christof Koch and Giulio Tononi wrote in IEEE Spectrum:

Consciousness is part of the natural earth. It depends, nosotros believe, only on mathematics and logic and on the imperfectly known laws of physics, chemistry, and biology; it does not arise from some magical or otherworldly quality.^[8]

The concept of heed uploading is based on this mechanistic view of the mind, and denies the vitalist view of human being life and consciousness.^[ix]

Eminent computer scientists and neuroscientists have predicted that avant-garde computers will be capable of thought and even achieve consciousness, including Koch and Tononi,^[8] Douglas Hofstadter,^[10] Jeff Hawkins,^[10] Marvin Minsky,^[11] Randal A. Koene, and Rodolfo Llinás.^[12]

Many theorists accept presented models of the brain and have established a range of estimates of the amount of computing power needed for partial and complete simulations.^{[5] [ citation needed ]} Using these models, some have estimated that uploading may go possible within decades if trends such as Moore'due south constabulary continue.^[13]

Theoretical benefits and applications [edit]

"Immortality" or backup [edit]

In theory, if the data and processes of the listen can be disassociated from the biological body, they are no longer tied to the individual limits and lifespan of that trunk. Furthermore, information within a brain could exist partly or wholly copied or transferred to one or more other substrates (including digital storage or another brain), thereby – from a purely mechanistic perspective – reducing or eliminating "mortality take chances" of such information. This general proposal was discussed in 1971 by biogerontologist George Thousand. Martin of the University of Washington.^[14]

Space exploration [edit]

An "uploaded astronaut" could be used instead of a "live" astronaut in human spaceflight, avoiding the perils of zero gravity, the vacuum of space, and cosmic radiations to the homo body. Information technology would allow for the employ of smaller spacecraft, such as the proposed StarChip, and it would enable almost unlimited interstellar travel distances.^[xv]

Relevant technologies and techniques [edit]

The focus of heed uploading, in the case of re-create-and-transfer, is on data acquisition, rather than data maintenance of the encephalon. A fix of approaches known as loosely coupled off-loading (LCOL) may be used in the attempt to characterize and re-create the mental contents of a brain.^[xvi] The LCOL approach may accept advantage of self-reports, life-logs and video recordings that can be analyzed by artificial intelligence. A lesser-upwardly approach may focus on the specific resolution and morphology of neurons, the spike times of neurons, the times at which neurons produce action potential responses.

Computational complexity [edit]

Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels, along with the fastest and slowest supercomputers from TOP500 and a $thou PC. Notation the logarithmic scale. The (exponential) trend line for the fastest supercomputer reflects a doubling every 14 months. Kurzweil believes that mind uploading will be possible at neural simulation, while the Sandberg & Bostrom report is less certain near where consciousness arises.^[17]

Advocates of listen uploading indicate to Moore's law to support the notion that the necessary computing ability is expected to get available within a few decades. Still, the bodily computational requirements for running an uploaded man mind are very difficult to quantify, potentially rendering such an argument specious.

Regardless of the techniques used to capture or recreate the function of a man mind, the processing demands are probable to exist immense, due to the big number of neurons in the human brain along with the considerable complexity of each neuron.

In 2004, Henry Markram, pb researcher of the Blue Brain Project, stated that "information technology is not [their] goal to build an intelligent neural network", based solely on the computational demands such a project would have.^[18]

It will be very hard because, in the brain, every molecule is a powerful figurer and we would demand to simulate the construction and function of trillions upon trillions of molecules likewise every bit all the rules that govern how they interact. You would literally need computers that are trillions of times bigger and faster than anything existing today.^[nineteen]

Five years later, afterward successful simulation of part of a rat brain, Markram was much more than bold and optimistic. In 2009, as director of the Blue Encephalon Project, he claimed that "A detailed, functional bogus human brain can be congenital within the next x years".^[xx] Less than two years into information technology, the project was recognised to be mismanaged and its claims overblown, and Markram was asked to pace down.^{[21] [22]}

Required computational capacity strongly depend on the chosen level of simulation model scale:^[v]

Estimates from Sandberg, Bostrom, 2008

Level	CPU demand (FLOPS)	Memory demand (Tb)	$1 million super‐computer (Earliest year of making)
Analog network population model	tenfifteen	102	2008
Spiking neural network	10xviii	x4	2019
Electrophysiology	1022	104	2033
Metabolome	1025	10vi	2044
Proteome	1026	x7	2048
States of protein complexes	1027	108	2052
Distribution of complexes	10thirty	109	2063
Stochastic behavior of unmarried molecules	1043	x14	2111

Scanning and mapping calibration of an private [edit]

When modelling and simulating the encephalon of a specific individual, a brain map or connectivity database showing the connections betwixt the neurons must be extracted from an anatomic model of the encephalon. For whole brain simulation, this network map should bear witness the connectivity of the whole nervous system, including the spinal string, sensory receptors, and musculus cells. Subversive scanning of a small sample of tissue from a mouse brain including synaptic details is possible as of 2010.^[23]

However, if short-term retentivity and working memory include prolonged or repeated firing of neurons, equally well as intra-neural dynamic processes, the electric and chemic signal country of the synapses and neurons may be difficult to extract. The uploaded mind may and then perceive a retention loss of the events and mental processes immediately before the time of brain scanning.^[five]

A total brain map has been estimated to occupy less than ii x 10^xvi bytes (20,000 TB) and would shop the addresses of the connected neurons, the synapse type and the synapse "weight" for each of the brains' x^xv synapses.^{[five] [ failed verification ]} Even so, the biological complexities of true encephalon function (e.g. the epigenetic states of neurons, protein components with multiple functional states, etc.) may forbid an accurate prediction of the volume of binary data required to faithfully represent a performance human mind.

Serial sectioning [edit]

Serial sectioning of a brain

A possible method for heed uploading is serial sectioning, in which the brain tissue and perchance other parts of the nervous system are frozen so scanned and analyzed layer by layer, which for frozen samples at nano-scale requires a cryo-ultramicrotome, thus capturing the construction of the neurons and their interconnections.^[24] The exposed surface of frozen nerve tissue would be scanned and recorded, and then the surface layer of tissue removed. While this would be a very dull and labor-intensive process, research is currently underway to automate the collection and microscopy of serial sections.^[25] The scans would and then be analyzed, and a model of the neural net recreated in the system that the mind was beingness uploaded into.

There are uncertainties with this arroyo using current microscopy techniques. If information technology is possible to replicate neuron function from its visible structure lonely, then the resolution afforded by a scanning electron microscope would suffice for such a technique.^[25] However, every bit the function of encephalon tissue is partially determined past molecular events (particularly at synapses, but also at other places on the neuron's prison cell membrane), this may not suffice for capturing and simulating neuron functions. It may be possible to extend the techniques of serial sectioning and to capture the internal molecular makeup of neurons, through the utilize of sophisticated immunohistochemistry staining methods that could then be read via confocal laser scanning microscopy. However, as the physiological genesis of 'mind' is not currently known, this method may not be able to access all of the necessary biochemical information to recreate a human being brain with sufficient fidelity.

Brain imaging [edit]

Process from MRI acquisition to whole brain structural network^[26]

It may be possible to create functional 3D maps of the brain activity, using advanced neuroimaging engineering science, such as functional MRI (fMRI, for mapping change in blood flow), magnetoencephalography (MEG, for mapping of electric currents), or combinations of multiple methods, to build a detailed 3-dimensional model of the encephalon using non-invasive and not-subversive methods. Today, fMRI is often combined with Meg for creating functional maps of man cortex during more than circuitous cerebral tasks, as the methods complement each other. Fifty-fifty though electric current imaging engineering science lacks the spatial resolution needed to gather the data needed for such a scan, of import recent and future developments are predicted to substantially amend both spatial and temporal resolutions of existing technologies.^[27]

Brain simulation [edit]

In that location is ongoing work in the field of brain simulation, including fractional and whole simulations of some animals. For example, the C. elegans roundworm, Drosophila fruit fly, and mouse accept all been false to various degrees.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Blue Brain Projection by the Brain and Mind Establish of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland is an attempt to create a synthetic brain by contrary-engineering mammalian encephalon circuitry.

Issues [edit]

Practical bug [edit]

This department needs expansion. You can assistance by adding to it. (June 2020)

Kenneth D. Miller, a professor of neuroscience at Columbia and a co-director of the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, raised doubts about the practicality of mind uploading. His major argument is that reconstructing neurons and their connections is in itself a formidable job, but it is far from being sufficient. Functioning of the brain depends on the dynamics of electric and biochemical indicate exchange between neurons; therefore, capturing them in a single "frozen" state may prove insufficient. In addition, the nature of these signals may require modeling down to the molecular level and beyond. Therefore, while not rejecting the idea in principle, Miller believes that the complexity of the "absolute" duplication of an private listen is insurmountable for the nearest hundreds of years.^[28]

Philosophical bug [edit]

Underlying the concept of "heed uploading" (more accurately "mind transferring") is the broad philosophy that consciousness lies within the encephalon's information processing and is in essence an emergent characteristic that arises from large neural network loftier-level patterns of organization, and that the same patterns of organization can be realized in other processing devices. Mind uploading also relies on the idea that the human listen (the "self" and the long-term memory), simply like not-human minds, is represented past the current neural network paths and the weights of the brain synapses rather than by a dualistic and mystic soul and spirit. The heed or "soul" can be defined every bit the information state of the brain, and is immaterial only in the aforementioned sense as the information content of a data file or the country of a computer software currently residing in the work-space memory of the figurer. Information specifying the information state of the neural network can be captured and copied as a "computer file" from the brain and re-implemented into a different physical form.^[29] This is not to deny that minds are richly adapted to their substrates.^[30] An illustration to the idea of mind uploading is to copy the temporary information state (the variable values) of a computer program from the computer memory to another computer and proceed its execution. The other computer may perhaps have different hardware architecture but emulates the hardware of the beginning computer.

These issues accept a long history. In 1775, Thomas Reid wrote:^[31] "I would exist glad to know... whether when my encephalon has lost its original structure, and when some hundred years after the aforementioned materials are fabricated and so curiously equally to get an intelligent existence, whether, I say that existence will be me; or, if, two or three such beings should be formed out of my brain; whether they will all be me, and consequently one and the same intelligent being."

A considerable portion of transhumanists and singularitarians place swell hope into the conventionalities that they may become immortal, by creating i or many non-biological functional copies of their brains, thereby leaving their "biological beat out". Even so, the philosopher and transhumanist Susan Schneider claims that at best, uploading would create a copy of the original person'due south mind.^[32] Schneider agrees that consciousness has a computational basis, simply this does non mean we tin can upload and survive. According to her views, "uploading" would probably result in the death of the original person'southward brain, while simply outside observers tin can maintain the illusion of the original person still being alive. For information technology is implausible to think that i's consciousness would leave one'southward brain and travel to a remote location; ordinary physical objects do not comport this way. Ordinary objects (rocks, tables, etc.) are not simultaneously here, and elsewhere. At best, a copy of the original listen is created.^[32] Neural correlates of consciousness, a sub-co-operative of neuroscience, states that consciousness may exist thought of as a state-dependent property of some undefined complex, adaptive, and highly interconnected biological system.^[33]

Others have argued against such conclusions. For example, Buddhist transhumanist James Hughes has pointed out that this consideration merely goes so far: if i believes the cocky is an illusion, worries nearly survival are not reasons to avoid uploading,^[34] and Keith Wiley has presented an argument wherein all resulting minds of an uploading procedure are granted equal primacy in their claim to the original identity, such that survival of the cocky is determined retroactively from a strictly subjective position.^{[35] [36]} Some have too asserted that consciousness is a function of an extra-biological organisation that is yet to exist discovered; therefore it cannot be fully understood under the present constraints of neurobiology. Without the transference of consciousness, true heed-upload or perpetual immortality cannot be practically accomplished.^[37]

Another potential consequence of listen uploading is that the decision to "upload" may then create a mindless symbol manipulator instead of a witting mind (see philosophical zombie).^{[38] [39]} Are we to assume that an upload is conscious if information technology displays behaviors that are highly indicative of consciousness? Are we to presume that an upload is conscious if it verbally insists that it is witting?^[forty] Could at that place be an absolute upper limit in processing speed above which consciousness cannot be sustained? The mystery of consciousness precludes a definitive answer to this question.^[41] Numerous scientists, including Kurzweil, strongly believe that the reply equally to whether a separate entity is conscious (with 100% conviction) is fundamentally unknowable, since consciousness is inherently subjective (encounter solipsism). Regardless, some scientists strongly believe consciousness is the consequence of computational processes which are substrate-neutral. On the reverse, numerous scientists believe consciousness may be the result of some form of quantum computation dependent on substrate (see quantum mind).^{[42] [43] [44]}

In calorie-free of uncertainty on whether to regard uploads as conscious, Sandberg proposes a cautious approach:^[45]

Principle of assuming the almost (PAM): Presume that any emulated system could take the same mental backdrop equally the original organization and care for it correspondingly.

Upstanding and legal implications [edit]

The process of developing emulation applied science raises upstanding issues related to creature welfare and artificial consciousness.^[45] The neuroscience required to develop brain emulation would require animal experimentation, commencement on invertebrates then on small mammals before moving on to humans. Sometimes the animals would just need to be euthanized in guild to extract, slice, and scan their brains, but sometimes behavioral and in vivo measures would be required, which might cause hurting to living animals.^[45]

In addition, the resulting beast emulations themselves might endure, depending on i's views most consciousness.^[45] Bancroft argues for the plausibility of consciousness in encephalon simulations on the basis of the "fading qualia" thought experiment of David Chalmers. He then concludes:^[46] "If, as I contend above, a sufficiently detailed computational simulation of the brain is potentially operationally equivalent to an organic encephalon, it follows that we must consider extending protections against suffering to simulations."

Information technology might help reduce emulation suffering to develop virtual equivalents of anaesthesia, equally well as to omit processing related to hurting and/or consciousness. Nevertheless, some experiments might require a fully operation and suffering beast emulation. Animals might also suffer past accident due to flaws and lack of insight into what parts of their brains are suffering.^[45] Questions as well arise regarding the moral status of partial brain emulations, likewise as creating neuromorphic emulations that draw inspiration from biological brains only are built somewhat differently.^[46]

Brain emulations could exist erased past computer viruses or malware, without need to destroy the underlying hardware. This may make assassination easier than for physical humans. The attacker might take the calculating power for its own use.^[47]

Many questions arise regarding the legal personhood of emulations.^[48] Would they be given the rights of biological humans? If a person makes an emulated copy of themselves and and so dies, does the emulation inherit their holding and official positions? Could the emulation enquire to "pull the plug" when its biological version was terminally ill or in a blackout? Would it assistance to treat emulations equally adolescents for a few years so that the biological creator would maintain temporary control? Would criminal emulations receive the decease penalisation, or would they exist given forced data modification as a form of "rehabilitation"? Could an upload have marriage and kid-care rights?^[48]

If simulated minds would come up true and if they were assigned rights of their ain, it may be difficult to ensure the protection of "digital man rights". For example, social scientific discipline researchers might exist tempted to secretly expose simulated minds, or whole isolated societies of simulated minds, to controlled experiments in which many copies of the same minds are exposed (serially or simultaneously) to different test conditions.^{[ citation needed ]}

Political and economic implications [edit]

Emulations could create a number of atmospheric condition that might increase risk of state of war, including inequality, changes of power dynamics, a possible technological arms race to build emulations first, first-strike advantages, strong loyalty and willingness to "die" amongst emulations, and triggers for racist, xenophobic, and religious prejudice.^[47] If emulations run much faster than humans, there might not be enough fourth dimension for human leaders to brand wise decisions or negotiate. It is possible that humans would react violently against growing power of emulations, specially if they depress human wages. Emulations may not trust each other, and even well-intentioned defensive measures might be interpreted as offense.^[47]

Emulation timelines and AI risk [edit]

There are very few feasible technologies that humans accept refrained from developing. The neuroscience and computer-hardware technologies that may brand encephalon emulation possible are widely desired for other reasons, and logically their development will proceed into the futurity. Bold that emulation technology will make it, a question becomes whether nosotros should accelerate or slow its advance.^[47]

Arguments for speeding upwardly encephalon-emulation research:

• If neuroscience is the bottleneck on encephalon emulation rather than computing power, emulation advances may be more erratic and unpredictable based on when new scientific discoveries happen.^{[47] [49] [50]} Limited calculating power would mean the starting time emulations would run slower and so would exist easier to adapt to, and there would exist more time for the technology to transition through society.^[fifty]
• Improvements in manufacturing, 3D printing, and nanotechnology may accelerate hardware production,^[47] which could increment the "computing overhang"^[51] from backlog hardware relative to neuroscience.
• If i AI-development group had a atomic number 82 in emulation technology, it would have more subjective time to win an arms race to build the first superhuman AI. Considering information technology would be less rushed, it would have more liberty to consider AI risks.^{[52] [53]}

Arguments for slowing down encephalon-emulation research:

• Greater investment in brain emulation and associated cognitive science might raise the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers to create "neuromorphic" (brain-inspired) algorithms, such as neural networks, reinforcement learning, and hierarchical perception. This could advance risks from uncontrolled AI.^{[47] [53]} Participants at a 2011 AI workshop estimated an 85% probability that neuromorphic AI would arrive before brain emulation. This was based on the idea that encephalon emulation would require understanding some brain components, and information technology would be easier to tinker with these than to reconstruct the entire brain in its original form. By a very narrow margin, the participants on rest leaned toward the view that accelerating encephalon emulation would increase expected AI risk.^[52]
• Waiting might give lodge more time to recall well-nigh the consequences of brain emulation and develop institutions to improve cooperation.^{[47] [53]}

Emulation research would also speed up neuroscience as a whole, which might accelerate medical advances, cognitive enhancement, lie detectors, and capability for psychological manipulation.^[53]

Emulations might exist easier to control than de novo AI because

1. Homo abilities, behavioral tendencies, and vulnerabilities are more thoroughly understood, thus control measures might exist more than intuitive and easier to plan for.^{[52] [53]}
2. Emulations could more than easily inherit homo motivations.^[53]
3. Emulations are harder to manipulate than de novo AI, considering brains are messy and complicated; this could reduce risks of their rapid takeoff.^{[47] [53]} Too, emulations may be bulkier and crave more than hardware than AI, which would also slow the speed of a transition.^[53] Unlike AI, an emulation wouldn't be able to rapidly expand across the size of a human brain.^[53] Emulations running at digital speeds would have less intelligence differential vis-à-vis AI and then might more than easily control AI.^[53]

As counterpoint to these considerations, Bostrom notes some downsides:

1. Even if we better empathise human behavior, the evolution of emulation behavior under self-improvement might be much less predictable than the development of safe de novo AI under self-comeback.^[53]
2. Emulations may not inherit all human motivations. Possibly they would inherit our darker motivations or would conduct abnormally in the unfamiliar environs of cyberspace.^[53]
3. Even if there'due south a irksome takeoff toward emulations, there would nonetheless be a second transition to de novo AI afterwards on. 2 intelligence explosions may hateful more total risk.^[53]

Because of the postulated difficulties that a whole brain emulation-generated superintelligence would pose for the control problem, reckoner scientist Stuart J. Russell in his book Human being Compatible rejects creating one, simply calling it "so obviously a bad idea".^[54]

Advocates [edit]

Ray Kurzweil, manager of engineering at Google, has long predicted that people will exist able to "upload" their entire brains to computers and become "digitally immortal" by 2045. Kurzweil made this claim for many years, e.yard. during his speech in 2013 at the Global Futures 2045 International Congress in New York, which claims to subscribe to a similar fix of behavior.^[55] Mind uploading has too been advocated past a number of researchers in neuroscience and bogus intelligence, such equally the tardily Marvin Minsky.^{[ citation needed ]} In 1993, Joe Strout created a small web site called the Listen Uploading Home Page, and began advocating the thought in cryonics circles and elsewhere on the internet. That site has not been actively updated in recent years, but it has spawned other sites including MindUploading.org, run by Randal A. Koene, who also moderates a mailing listing on the topic. These advocates see listen uploading every bit a medical procedure which could eventually salve countless lives.

Many transhumanists look forward to the development and deployment of mind uploading technology, with transhumanists such as Nick Bostrom predicting that it will become possible inside the 21st century due to technological trends such as Moore'due south police force.^[5]

Michio Kaku, in collaboration with Science, hosted a documentary, Sci Fi Scientific discipline: Physics of the Impossible, based on his book Physics of the Impossible. Episode four, titled "How to Teleport", mentions that mind uploading via techniques such as quantum entanglement and whole brain emulation using an advanced MRI machine may enable people to be transported vast distances at near low-cal-speed.

The book Beyond Humanity: CyberEvolution and Future Minds by Gregory S. Paul & Earl D. Cox, is about the eventual (and, to the authors, well-nigh inevitable) evolution of computers into sentient beings, simply also deals with man mind transfer. Richard Doyle's Wetwares: Experiments in PostVital Living deals extensively with uploading from the perspective of distributed embodiment, arguing for example that humans are currently part of the "artificial life phenotype". Doyle'due south vision reverses the polarity on uploading, with artificial life forms such equally uploads actively seeking out biological embodiment as function of their reproductive strategy.

See also [edit]

• Mind uploading in fiction
• Encephalon Initiative
• Brain transplant
• Brain-reading
• Cyborg
• Cylon (reimagining)
• Democratic transhumanism
• Human Encephalon Project
• Isolated brain
• Neuralink
• Posthumanization
• Robotoid
• Send of Theseus—thought experiment asking if objects having all parts replaced fundamentally remain the aforementioned object
• Simulation hypothesis
• Simulism
• Technologically enabled telepathy
• Turing test
• The Future of Piece of work and Death
• Chinese room

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#:~:text=Mind%20uploading%20may%20potentially%20be,brain%20takes%20control%20over%20the

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